Quantum turbulence in superfluid helium studied by particle tracking velocimetry visualization technique

Abstract

◆á③❡✈ ♣rá❝❡✿ ❑✈❛♥t♦✈á t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ✈ s✉♣r❛t❡❦✉té♠ ❤é❧✐✉ st✉❞♦✈❛♥á ✈✐③✉❛❧✐③❛✲ ↔♥í♠✐ ♠❡t♦❞❛♠✐ ❆✉t♦r✿ ❘◆❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❉✉❞❛ ❑❛t❡❞r❛✿ ❑❛t❡❞r❛ ❢②③✐❦② ♥í③❦ý❝❤ t❡♣❧♦t ❱❡❞♦✉❝í✿ ♣r♦❢✳ ❘◆❉r✳ ▲❛❞✐s❧❛✈ ❙❦r❜❡❦✱ ❉r❙❝✳ ❆❜str❛❦t✿ ❖s❝✐❧❛↔♥í ♣r♦✉❞➙♥í ✈ s✉♣r❛t❡❦✉té♠ ❛ ♥♦r♠á❧♥í♠ ❤é❧✐✉ ❜②❧❛ ③❦♦✉♠á♥❛ ✈✐③✉❛❧✐③❛↔♥í ♠❡t♦❞♦✉ s❧❡❞♦✈á♥í tr❛s♦✈❛❝í❝❤ ↔ást✐❝ ♣❡✈♥é❤♦ ❞❡✉t❡r✐❛ ♦ ♠✐❦r♦♠❡✲ tr♦✈é ✈❡❧✐❦♦st✐ s❡ ③❛♠➙➦❡♥í♠ ♥❛ ♠ír✉ ♣♦❞♦❜♥♦st✐ ↔✐ r♦③❞í❧♥♦st✐ ♠❡③✐ ❍❡ ■✱ ❦t❡ré ❥❡ ❦❧❛s✐❝❦♦✉ ✈✐s❦ó③♥í ❦❛♣❛❧✐♥♦✉✱ ❛ ❍❡ ■■✱ ❥❡➸ ❥❡ s✉♣r❛t❡❦✉té ❛ ❥❡❤♦➸ ❝✐r❦✉❧❛❝❡ ❥❡ ❦✈❛♥t♦✈❛♥á✳ ❱ ♣rá❝✐ ❥s♦✉ ♣♦♣sá♥② ✈ýs❧❡❞❦② tr♦❥✐❝❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t➲✿ ú♣❧❛✈ ③❛ r❡❧❛✲ t✐✈♥➙ ♣♦♠❛❧✉ ❦♠✐t❛❥í❝í ♣➦❡❦á➸❦♦✉ s r❡❧❛t✐✈♥➙ ✈❡❧❦ý♠ r♦③❦♠✐t❡♠ ✭sr♦✈♥❛t❡❧♥ý♠ s ✈❡❧✐❦♦stí ♣➦❡❦á➸❦②✮✱ st❛❝✐♦♥ár♥í ♣r♦✉❞➙♥í ✭❛♥❣❧✳✿ ✒str❡❛♠✐♥❣✏ ✮ ✈ ♦❦♦❧í r②❝❤❧❡ ❦♠✐t❛❥í❝í ❦➦❡♠❡♥♥é ❧❛❞✐↔❦② s ♥í③❦♦✉ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞♦✉ ✭✈③❤❧❡❞❡♠ ❦ ❥❡❥í ✈❡❧✐❦♦st✐✮ ❛ ❦❛✈✐t❛❝❡ ✈ ♦❦♦❧í ❥✐♥é r②❝❤❧❡ ❦♠✐t❛❥í❝í ❦➦❡♠❡♥♥é ❧❛❞✐↔❦②✳ ❍❧❛✈♥í♠ ✈ýs❧❡❞❦❡♠ ❥❡ ♣♦③♦r♦✈á♥í✱ ➸❡ ♦❞♣♦✈í❞❛❥í❝í ♣r♦✉❞➙♥í ✈ ❍❡ ■ ❛ ■■ s✐ ❥s♦✉ ♥❛ ✈❡❧❦ý❝❤ ♠➙➦ít❦á❝❤ ✈③á✲ ❥❡♠♥➙ ♣♦❞♦❜♥á✱ ③❛tí♠❝♦ ♥❛ ♠❛❧ý❝❤ ✈②❦❛③✉❥í ♥❛♣r♦st♦ r♦③❞í❧♥é st❛t✐st✐❝❦é ✈❧❛st✲ ♥♦st✐✳ ◆❛✈í❝ ✈ ♣➦í♣❛❞➙ ❍❡ ■■ ❥s♦✉ t②t♦ st❛t✐st✐❝❦é ✈❧❛st♥♦st✐ ✉♥✐✈❡r③á❧♥í ✈❡ s♠②s❧✉ ♥❡③á✈✐s❧♦st✐ ♥❛ ❞r✉❤✉ ③❦♦✉♠❛♥é❤♦ ♣r♦✉❞➙♥í ❛ ❥s♦✉ st❡❥♥é ❥❛❦♦ ✈ ♣➦í♣❛❞➙ t❡♣❡❧♥é❤♦ ♣r♦t✐♣r♦✉❞✉ s✉♣r❛t❡❦✉té ❛ ♥♦r♠á❧♥í s❧♦➸❦② ❍❡ ■■✱ ❝♦➸ ❥❡ ❦✈❛♥t♦✈ý ❞r✉❤ t❡♣❡❧♥é ❦♦♥✈❡❦❝❡...

❚✐t❧❡✿ ◗✉❛♥t✉♠ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✉♣❡r✢✉✐❞ ❤❡❧✐✉♠ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✈❡❧♦❝✐♠❡tr② ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❘◆❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❉✉❞❛ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t✿ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ▲♦✇ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ P❤②s✐❝s ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ♣r♦❢✳ ❘◆❉r✳ ▲❛❞✐s❧❛✈ ❙❦r❜❡❦✱ ❉r❙❝✳ ❆❜str❛❝t✿ ❚❤❡ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❚r❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❱❡❧♦❝✐♠❡tr② ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠✐❝✲ r♦♠❡t❡r s✐③❡ s♦❧✐❞ ❞❡✉t❡r✐✉♠ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❛s tr❛❝❡rs ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ st✉❞② ♦s❝✐❧✲ ❧❛t♦r② ✢♦✇s ♦❢ ❍❡ ■■✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ✢✉✐❞ ✇✐t❤ q✉❛♥t✐③❡❞ ✈♦rt✐❝✐t②✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✢♦✇s ♦❢ ❍❡ ■✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ✈✐s❝♦✉s ❧✐q✉✐❞✱ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ q✉❛♥t✉♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ✢♦✇s✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞✿ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ♣❛st ❛ ❧❛r❣❡✲❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❧♦✇✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦s❝✐❧❧❛t✐♥❣ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r✐s♠❀ t❤❡ st❡❛❞② str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ✢♦✇ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛ s♠❛❧❧✲❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❧❛r❣❡✲ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦s❝✐❧❧❛t✐♥❣ q✉❛rt③ t✉♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r❦ ✲ ❛ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ t♦♦❧ t♦ st✉❞② q✉❛♥t✉♠ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡❀ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛st✲♦s❝✐❧❧❛t✐♥❣ t✉♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ✢♦✇s ❛r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✐♥ ❍❡ ■ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❍❡ ■■ ❛t ❧❛r❣❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤✲s❝❛❧❡s✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❛t s♠❛❧❧ s❝❛❧❡s✱ t❤❡② ❡①❤✐❜✐t t♦t❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐♥ ❍❡ ■■✱ t❤❡s❡ s♠❛❧❧ s❝❛❧❡ st❛✲ t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛r❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡❛♥ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✢✉✐❞ ❛♥❞ ♥♦r♠❛❧...