Zur epistemischen Verwendung der Modalverben in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache

Abstract

There is a difference between the two types of use of modal verbs. If we use an epistemic modal, we are interested in the truth of a proposition. If we use a deontic modal, we are interested in the occurence of an event. Epistemic modals could be interpreted as subjectively epistemic or objectivelyepistemic. The difference between the two systems is pragmatic. When a sentence is subjectively modalized, it means that the speaker wants to show hislher attitude towards the proposition. Thus, the sentence includes an expression of an opinion. An objectively modalized sentence is based on an evidence or fact that the speaker's opinion is based on. In this case, the sentence includes a factual statement. There are some restrictions on the use of modal verbs in the two systems. A modal verb with subjectively epistemic meaning cannot be put in a negative form. When a sentence with a modal verb with subjectively epistemic meaning does contain a negation, the negation is morphological. Modal verbs with objectively epistemic meaning can be negated. Then it is a negation ofthe sentence.

Nemecka modalni (zpusobova) slovesa patn k zakladüm znalostni vybavy kazdeho, kdo s timto jazykem pnchazi do styku, a to at' v psanem nebo mluvenem projevu. I kdyz se jejich pouziti zda b,Yt na prvni pohled jasne, dojdeme po jejich hlubsim a podrobnem studiu k poznani, ze nad jejich klasifikaci v ramci nemeckeho systemu sloves visi fada otaznikü. ModaIni slovesa sdili urCite vlastnosti jak se slovesy pomocn,Ymi, tak i plnovYznamov,Ymi. Abychom na modalni slovesa mohli nahlizet jako na samostatnou skupinu sloves, je tfeba znat charakteristicke znaky, jimiz se vyznacuji. Modalni slovesa nemohou tvont pasivni tvary ani rozkazovaci zpusob. V nemCine se daIe poji s infinitivem bez zu a v kombinaci s jin,Ym plnovyznamov,Ym slovesem netvon minuly cas pomoci pncesti minuleho (Partizip 11), nybrz pomoci infinitivu (tzv. Ersatzinjinitiv). V posledni dobe vychazi lingviste pn klasifikaci modalnich sloves z pfedpokladu, ze v ramci modalnich sloves existuji dva odlisne syntakticky_ semanticke systemy: jednak deontick)' (objektivni modalita), jednak epistemicky (subjektivni) system. V deonticke modalite mohou modaIni slovesa samostatne tvont pnsudek, ktery se vaze na podmet vety. V rozvinute vete se tedy podmet modalniho slovesa shoduje s podmetem infinitivu. Modalni slovesa nemohou b,Yt v deonticke modalite mezi sebou...