Vývoj vnímání waqfu v egyptské společnosti (1805-1953)

Abstract

Waqf (pI. 'awqi() emerged in the first century after the birth of Islam, and spread to the whole of the Middle East to become one of the most distinctive features of its societies. Although waqfs played many different socio-economic roles, their significance has up to now usually been described by means of the dichotomic concept distinguishing between waqf chayri (charitable endowment) and waqf 'ahli (family endowment), the first having been established as a kind of charity to provide free social services to the population (mainly mosques and madrasas), the latter as a tool for evading inheritance rules (ilm al-jarii'i), which, if applied, would cause the fragmentation of properties into uneconomical units. This concept originated in the period of the 19th and 20th centuries when the new legislation was beeing produced in Middle East countries to restrain waqf as an obstacle to social and economic progress. The thesis traces a history of this dichotomic concept in the context of modem Egypt. First it discusses the waqf policy of Mul).ammad cAli in the first half of the 19th century, then the development of the central waqfbureau up to the end of the 19th century, and the process of conferring property rights to the land which caused an unprecedented expansion of family-like endowments during the first half...

Waqf (pI. 'awqi!f), ktery vznikl v prvnirn stoleti ishirnske civilizace, se rozsifil po celern Blizkern vychode, aby se stal jednirn z nejcharakteristictejsich prvku politickych, spolecenskych a ekonornickych struktur. Ackoli waqf hral rnnoho ryznarnnych roli, jeho ryznam je obvykle charakterizovan prostfednictvirn dichotornickeho konceptu, ktery rozlisuje rnezi waqfem chajri (dobroCinna nadace) a waqfem 'ahli (rodinna nadace), z nichz prvni byl zakladanjako projev dobroCinnych zajrnu s cHern poskytnout bezplatne socialni, vzdelavad a nabozenske sluzby obyvatelstvu a druhy jako prostfedek k obejiti koranskych dedickych pravidel CUm al.jarii'i), jejichZ efektern by v opacnern pnpade byla fragrnentace rnajetku na neekonornicke jednotky. Tento koncept byl vytvofen v obdobi 19. a 20. stoleti, kdy byla v blizkorychodnich zernich vytvarena legislativa s cHern ornezit waqf jakozto pfekazku socialniho a ekonornickeho pokroku. Tato prace dokumentuje na pfikladu Egypta proces vytvareni tohoto dichotornickeho konceptu, jefiZ byl ve sve podstate ryrazern vyznamnych zrnen ve Vllirnani waqfu egyptskou spolecnosti. Prace pojednava 0 nadacni politice MuI;1ammada CAltho v prvni polovine 19. stoleti, pote 0 yYvoji centralniho nadacniho Ufadu do konce 19. stoleti a 0 procesu priznavani vlastnickych pray na statni zernedelskou...