Muslimské bratstvo v Egypte medzi násilím a umiernenosťou

Abstract

Muslimské bratstvo v Egypte prešlo od svojho založenia Ḥasanom al-Bannā v roku 1928 po súčasnosť mnohými zmenami. Zo sociálne-náboženského hnutia zaoberajúceho sa morálnymi hodnotami a učením o islame prešli Bratia k násilnému aktivizmu až terorizmu a následne sa oficiálne vzdali násilia. Po demonštráciách Arabskej jari roku 2011 sa politický prúd bratstva dostal do vlády, a dokonca sa ich člen stal prvým demokraticky zvoleným prezidentom. Na ceste k tomuto úspechu sa Bratstvo potýkalo s obdobiami represie a ilegality a ja sa na jedno takéto obdobie zameriam, konkrétne na obdobie vlády prezidenta Mubāraka v rokoch 1981- 2011. Počas jeho vlády bol prijatý protiteroristický zákon s kontroverzne formulovanou definíciou terorizmu, na ktorej základe boli z terorizmu obviňovaní v tej dobe nenásilní Muslimskí bratia, ale aj iné, voči režimu kritické subjekty. Práve vzťah Muslimského bratstva, egyptského režimu v spomínanom období a definície terorizmu z roku 1992 sú mojim hlavným bodom záujmu v tejto práci. Kľúčové slová: Muslimské bratstvo, Egypt, terorizmus, definícia, Mubārak

The Muslim Brotherhood has gone through a lot of changes since 1928 when it was founded by Ḥasan al-Banna. The Brothers moved away from being a social-religious movement dealing with moral values and teachings about Islam to violent activism and even terrorism, and subsequently they officially abandoned violence. Following the Arab Spring protests in 2011, the political stream of the Brotherhood got into the government, and one of their members even became the first democratically elected president. On its journey to success, the Brotherhood had to cope with periods of repression and illegality, and I will focus on one such period, namely the reign of President Mubarak from 1981 to 2011. During his reign, an anti-terrorism law was adopted including a controversial definition of terrorism based on which, that time non-violent Muslim Brothers, but also other subjects criticizing the regime, were being accused of terrorism. The relationship between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian regime during this period as well as the definition of terrorism of 1992 are my main focus in this thesis. Key words: Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt, terrorism, definition, Mubarak