http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96238 Volume 2014 Wed, 08 Apr 2026 04:23:53 GMT 2026-04-08T04:23:53Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97132 Největší z lékařů : Hrobka Šepseskafancha, lékaře Horního a Dolního Egypta; ; ; Zájemci o starý Egypt a archeologické výzkumy v Egyptě a Súdánu se často ptají, jak dlouho trvá učinit archeo - logický „objev“. Tento článek se bude zabývat jedním z takových „objevů“, a to hrobkou lékaře a kněze Šep - seskafancha. Rok 2013 byl v mnoha ohledech přímým pokračováním archeologických aktivit v jižním Abúsíru z roku 2012. Archeologické práce se soustředily i nadále na komplex kněze Neferinpua a princezny Šeretnebtej z poloviny 5. dynastie. Tento soubor hrobek (kombinace skalních hrobek a klasických mastab), postavený ve třech výškových úrovních, představuje i nadále, přes veškeré naše dosavadní úsilí, oblast, jejíž poznávání není ani zdaleka ukončeno, a archeologická překvapení se vynořují jedno za druhým. Na úvod je třeba ještě uvést, že než jsme se k této hrobce dopracovali, uplynulo od počátku výzkumu v těchto místech lokality více než deset let.; In September 2013 the Czech Institute of Egyptology started its fall excavation season in Abusir South. The Institute resumed work in the area in the immediate vicinity of the tombs of princess Sheretnebty and Nefer which have become famous, among other things, owing to the large numbers of unique stone statuary and the stela of Nefer, discovered and publicised world-wide only last year. In order to understand the complete history of this particular family cemetery which originated sometime during the reign of Niuserre and continued into the reign of Djedkare, the excavation moved to the northeast area where the entrance to the whole complex was uncovered. One of the oldest tombs discovered in this area of the cemetery so far belongs to the chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt, Shepseskafankh. He had a rather impressive tomb built, of about 22 × 11.50 m in size, with limestone walls preserved to a height of about 3 m. A long corridor chapel with a unique monumental false door built of several blocks of limestone is located in the eastern part of the superstructure. The importance of the discovery lies in the fact that Shepseskafankh was one of very few, so far known, top-ranking physicians of the pharaohs of the third millennium BC Egypt. His titles detail Shepseskafankh as a friends of the House, chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt, priest of Ra in the sun temple of Userkaf, Neferirkare and Niuserre, priest of Khnum “in front of Both Mansions of Life”, a priest of Magic, priest of Hathor in all her places, wab-priest of the king, keeper of secrets of His Lord, physician of the Great House, overseer of the foodofferings of the Great House, priest of Horus of Shenwet, Anubis, foremost of Sepa(-district), priest of the Red crown, priest of Khnum, foremost of the House of Life and the House of Protection – a designation which indicates his knowledge and the extraordinary position and respect he enjoyed at the royal court. Unfortunately, all burial chambers of the complex were heavily robbed and provided but a meagre amount of human remains. The historical importance of this discovery lies in the fact that Shepseskafankh belonged to a very few highest ranking physicians known from the era of the Old Kingdom pyramid builders who had a very close relationship with the ruling king. At the same time, his is already the third physician tomb discovered at the same cemetery in Abusir. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97132 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97077 Ryby a rybolov v súdánském mezolitu a neolitu : předběžné výsledky z pohoří Sabaloka; Fish and fishing during the Sudanese Mesolithic and Neolithic: preliminary results from Jebel Sabaloka; ; ; Several thousands of fish remains were excavated by the mission of the Czech Institute of Egyptology (Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague) at Jebel Sabaloka (West Bank) in 2011–2012. The fish bones came from two sites: 1) Fox Hill (Mesolithic and Neolithic), 2) Sphinx (Mesolithic), and were obtained by both standard excavation and sieving. Altogether, fourteen fish families were determined in the assemblages. The most common taxa were the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and silurids (esp. Synodontis, Clarias and Bagrus), and also Alestiidae and Citharinidae. The assemblage from the Mesolithic settlement at Sphinx contained more open-water elements than the Mesolithic and Neolithic site of Fox Hill, where shallow- water taxa were also abundant. The majority of the finds were vertebrae. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97077 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97048 Héliopolský bůh stvořitel Atum a jeho charakteristika ve Staré říši; The creator god of Heliopolis Atum and his Old Kingdom characteristic; ; ; Atum was one of the most important deities of the Egyptian centre of the sun cult, Heliopolis. He was venerated as the primeval god who created the world, gods and humans there. He is (so far) attested from the Old Kingdom onwards, and during the long period of Egyptian history he had acquired more and more roles, attributes and epithets. The number of sacred animals connected with him increased, too. The article concentrates on his original roles and the question where Atum’s origin is to be found. His Old Kingdom characteristic is based on various types of Old Kingdom sources, mainly the Pyramid Texts. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97048 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97032 Princezná a jej príbuzní? Keramické nálezy z vybraných pohrebných kontextov princeznej Šeretnebtej; The princess and her relatives? Ceramic finds from chosen burial contexts of princess’s Sheretnebty tomb complex; ; ; In the autumn season of 2013, the shafts of some of the rock-cut tombs situated south and south-east of the pillared court of princess Sheretnebty were excavated. This article concentrates on the ceramic finds from the shafts and burial chambers of only the main ones, namely two shafts in the tomb of Duaptah (AS 68a) and two southern shafts in the presumed tomb of princess Sheretnebty (AS 68c). The shaft in the tomb of Shepespuptah (AS 68b) was found unfinished and never held either deposits or burials. The ceramic finds from the tomb of Duapthah were interesting, as the burial chambers contained some remains of the original tomb goods. In the case of the northern shaft, a small fragmented jar made of Marl clay A3 was inscribed with the name Nefermin, thus identifying the owner of the northern shaft. The finds from both burial chambers were rather scant and contained only a couple of vessels each, usually representing drink (jars) and food (bowls or plates) for the deceased. The shaft and burial chamber of the husband of princess Sheretnebty in tomb AS 68c contained the largest amount of ceramics. In the fill of the shaft, several strata were uncovered, with the topmost layer containing pottery dating to the Sixth Dynasty, more specifically to the period of Pepy I, such as very large tubular beer jars covered with a pale red slip. The floor level of the burial chamber was covered with numerous fragments of ceramic vessels, most of which could be reconstructed to full or almost full shape. Altogether, there were three large ovoid jars made of Marl clay A3, one smaller jar made of Nile silt and seven bowls and plates made od Nile silt A or B1. All of these were part of the original goods designed for the Afterlife of the deceased and were most probably broken on purpose as part of the sD dSrwt ritual. The ceramic finds from the shafts and burial chambers of the complex are very interesting, as they allow us to analyse not only the vessels and their typology, but also other issues such as post-depositional processes occurring in the tomb after the burial. On the basis of the finds, we can estimate that the cultic activity in the tomb of princess Sheretnebty lasted at least until the first half of the Sixth Dynasty. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97032 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z