http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96226 Issue 1 Sun, 12 Apr 2026 15:49:21 GMT 2026-04-12T15:49:21Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97122 Idealistic View on the Reality of Revolution: Helen Maria Williams (1762–1827); ; ; The French Revolution had in that time fundamental importance and affected by different intensity also ideological developments in other European countries including the United Kingdom. Helen Maria Williams was known in England as a popular English poet and romantic writer. As well as many foreign admirers of Revolution also Williams left her native country under the influence of French Revolution events. In Paris she immediately succumbed to the Federation Festival charm. Williams’s almost uncritical revolutionary idealism remained until the time when The Mountain (La Montagne) was established and its terror started to dominate the Revolution. From 1790 to 1796 Williams published eight volumes of Letters from France and in this way she informed the British public about revolutionary events. Williams’s Letters are also an important source of information needed for understanding her relationship to the revolutionary events. In my article I will focus not only on some of her views on the Revolution but I will also deal with the reaction of British press to her Letters. The important part of this article will be the question of women’s rights because Williams devoted a large part of her work just the fate of women during the Revolution. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97122 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96932 Czechoslovak Companies in the Chinese Market between the World Wars (Škoda Works and Sellier & Bellot Cases); ; ; As the basic statistical summaries prove, during the inter‑war period China did not belong among the main business partners of Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, the Chinese market played an important role in the sales strategy of certain Czechoslovak companies, including those which held a significant position in Czechoslovak industry. Škoda Works and Sellier & Bellot are included among the relatively narrow group of companies which were able to find success in the Chinese market. Their “Chinese trades” were in some respects similar, but in others fundamentally different. Both companies had to face problems which for instance arose from the very specific nature of the unstable and from the Czechoslovak point of view extremely exotic market. On the other hand, the reasons for their successes in the Chinese market were somewhat different. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96932 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96830 Austria‑Hungary and Egypt (1882–1914); ; ; The Habsburg Monarchy was quite active in Egypt at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Although it had only slight political interest in this area it maintained here several consulates and monitored local events very carefully. It was because a lot of Austro‑Hungarian trading houses established their presence in Egypt and the land on the Nile became an important economic partner of the Habsburg Monarchy. Vienna therefore tried to support this development and to promote good Austro‑Egyptian relations. The interest of citizens of Austria‑Hungary in Egypt was also demonstrated by a considerable number of Austrian residents and travellers in this country. On the other hand the Egyptians travelled to the HabsburgMonarchy (especially students) in order to learn European customs and science. The mutual relations had therefore importance for both countries. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96830 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96829 От benedectio к maledictio: Некоторые аспекты политики, проводимой Бонифацием VIII в борьбе с врагами церкви в контексте первого юбилея; ; ; Inaugurated by Boniface VIII the First Holy year in response to popular enthusiasm was one of the greatest revivals of the Middle Ages. Jubilee was conceived officially on the basis of the Old Testament, as a special year of universal pardon, when to the faithful made a remission of sins, and it was firmly linked to the crusade tradition. One of this controversial subject connected with the First Holly year is a fresco in the Lateran basilica by an artist, who may have been Giotto. And it depicts the pope in act of promulgating of Jubilee and contains a phrase Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. The same phrase was used in a lot of sources, which were associated with a struggle against the enemies of the Church during the pontificate of Boniface VIII. That category of enemies included a various persons, like the Colonna family, the members of the Franciscan Third Order, the King Frederick III of Sicily and the King Philip IV of France. Upon primary analysis follows, that we can talk about new making of the “malediction” ceremony linked with the Popes conception of power and its symbolism. Jubilee signified a great deal in this context. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96829 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z