http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96140 Volume 2014 Fri, 03 Apr 2026 22:15:57 GMT 2026-04-03T22:15:57Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97090 Zvukomalebná pojmenování ptáků v angličtině Kos, Petr The paper aims to analyze onomatopoeia in bird names in English. Three basic types of onomatopoeic bird names are distinguished: pure onomatopoeia, in which the names reflect the birds’ vocalizations without any other subsequent morphological changes; onomatopoeia with added meaning, in which the names sound as if the birds were saying human utterances, and morphologically motivated onomatopoeia, in which the onomatopoeic bases take part in other word-formation processes, namely compounding and suffixation. The phonological analysis of purely onomatopoeic names searches for tendencies in their syllabic structure and in the make-up of the onset of the first syllable. The last section deals with arbitrariness in onomatopoeic names. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/97090 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96790 Kvantitativní určení lexikálního jádra jazyka Cvrček, Václav The exploitation of hapax legomena, i.e. word or lemma types which occur in a corpus only once, is usually overlooked in language description. These types cannot be systematically used for a vast majority of analyses as they do not provide a basis for any type of generalization. On the other hand, the overall number of hapaxes can be used as an indicator of the lexical periphery of the language system. This paper suggests that the ratio between the number of hapaxes and the number of all types in relation to the growing corpus size (hapax-type ratio, HTR) can be used for delimitation of the lexical core of a language. It has been shown by previous research (Fengxiang 2010) that HTR in English has the shape of a pipe or chibouque, which means that the rates of the emergence of new hapaxes and new types in the process of building a corpus differ before and after reaching a certain size. In a hypothetical small corpus (a few sentences) the hapax-type ratio will be equal to one (each wordtype is also a hapax). As texts are added to the corpus (up to a few million words), the hapax-type ratio decreases (the number of new words including hapaxes is continuously increasing but the majority of added tokens are new instances of words already present in the corpus) from its maximal value (=1) to a local minimum. After reaching this turning point, extending the corpus increases the ratio because the number of hapaxes grows at a faster pace than the number of non-hapaxes (i.e. types with a frequency higher than one). This empirical finding tested on corpora of Czech and English brings us closer to the exact determination of the range of the core lexicon. Subsequently, we can deduce the approximate size of a corpus sufficient for compiling a dictionary that covers the core lexicon. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96790 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96695 Univerzální koncepce modality a její aplikace na španělský modální systém Kratochvílová, Dana This article analyses the concept of modality presented by Palmer (1986). Over the years since its publication it has become a universal instrument for describing modality across different languages. The basic contrast between epistemic and deontic modality is nowadays generally accepted. This article focuses primarily on modality in Spanish although it analyses this field in other languages as well (Italian, Romanian and English). By contrasting these four languages the article attempts to answer the question whether a universal terminology can be proved sufficient for the exhaustive description of the modal system of one particular language. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that a uniform approach to modality is not ideal because it does not take into consideration specific aspects of a concrete language and its particular way of expressing modality. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96695 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96594 K funkcím staročeského reflexiva sě Pergler, Jiří The article deals with the functions of the reflexive morpheme sě in Old Czech. Three types of constructions containing the reflexive form are described: (1) constructions with the accusative form of the reflexive pronoun, (2) constructions that express spontaneous events, and (3) agent-demotion constructions. We focus on the most important syntactic and semantic characteristics of these constructions and also treat the criteria of animacy of the syntactic subject and verbal aspect. The constructions we describe are considered to be prototypes, hence they have no clear boundaries and therefore ambiguous cases whose interpretation is not clear can be found in the data. We thus pay attention to several types of these cases. Although all three construction types are to be found also in Modern Czech, the Old Czech constructions considerably differ from the Modern Czech ones. We therefore point out the most important of these differences. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/96594 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z